Isomers are complexes with identical molecular formulas but different arrangements and activities. Isomers of similar compounds have likely to own dissimilar chemical or physical properties which can have some significant association.
Isomeric impurities are generated in drugs because of conversion within the critical process parameters (CPP) during drug synthesis. The presence of geometric isomer impurities in drugs is a challenging task for scientists.
Depending on the shape of the difference amongst the structures, it’s possible to categorize isomers into two forms of isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism, which can be divided into further subtypes.
Structural Isomerism:
These structural isomers have a similar molecular formula but dissimilar structures i.e. linked differently to every other with different sequences and other ways. There are several subtypes of structural isomerism:
- Positional isomers: These isomers have identical functional groups but at different sites of comparable carbon chains.
- Functional group isomers: These isomers also named functional isomerism, occur when the atoms form different functional groups.
- Chain isomers: These isomers are linked to the main chain of carbon atoms in numerous ways, which can be branched or straight.
- Metamerism: These isomers are uncommon and are restricted to molecules having a divalent molecule equivalent to O or S and alkyl groups.
- Tautomerism: This isomerism is due to the reciprocal conversion of two isomeric forms with different functional groups.
- Ring-Chain isomerism: This isomer is an open chain molecule and also the other is a cyclic molecule.
Stereo Isomerism:
Stereoisomerism has an identical formula but differs within the arrangement or alignment of atoms in the area. It can be further categorized as:
- Geometric Isomerism: it’s shown by molecules during which their position in space is fixed to every other due to the presence of a ring structure or a double bond.
- Optical Isomerism: Two or more molecules that have identical molecular arrangements but differ within the optical activity are optical isomers. It is again subdivided as Diastereomers: These are optical isomers that don’t seem to be mirror images of each other. Enantiomers: These are optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Optical isomers will rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
- Dextrorotary (d-isomer): A type that rotates plane-polarized light to the right.
- Laevorotary (l-isomer): a species that rotates plane-polarized light to the left.
- A racemic mixture (containing equal amounts of both optical isomers) won’t rotate plane polarized light since the optical effects of both isomers cancel one another out.
The dextrorotary isomer of a substance can have potent pharmacological or toxicological activity from that of the laevorotary isomer and hence undesired optical isomer is taken into account as a chiral impurity of the drug substance.
References:
- S. Ahuja, Chiral Separations by Chromatography, Oxford, New York, 2000.
- S. Ahuja, Impurities Evaluations of Pharmaceuticals, Dekker, New York,
- Graham Solomons, T. W., Fryhle C.B., Snyder S.A. Solomons’ organic chemistry. 12th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Incorporated, 2017.
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