Peptides
These are naturally occurring biological molecules. peptides are made up of smaller molecular sequences of amino acids. When a molecule consists of 2 to 50 amino acids it is called a peptide. They are classified by the number of amino acid components in the sequence, called amino acid residues. Tripeptides have three amino acid residues while tetrapeptides have four. A polypeptide is formed when the chain of amino acid links exceeds several dozen in length.
Types of peptides depending on the number of amino acids are characterized as Polypeptides and Oligopeptides
What are Peptides?
Peptides are naturally occurring biologics with around 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Peptides are safer than synthetic drugs and have better efficacy, selectivity, and specificity. Peptides can join into an enormous multiplicity of dissimilar molecules and they can have several advantages over small molecule drugs.
Peptides possess bioactivities, peptide breakdowns into amino acids, and manage the utmost biological evolutions. Peptides are degrading into their constituent proteinogenic amino acids without generating toxic metabolites. Due to peptides’ impermanent nature, it makes an expensive drug hence it was less accumulating in the body. The parenteral route is the most effective mode of efficient delivery of peptides. Peptides frequently act as hormones and biological messengers carrying information through the blood from one to another tissue.
Degradation Pathways
To avoid the degradation of peptides it is recommended that the peptide in a lyophilized form is stored below 5°C or if possible, at – 20°C or – 80 °C, and the solution must be refrigerated. Long-term exposure to pH of more than 8 and exposure to atmospheric oxygen must be avoided.
Peptides stored in a lyophilized form are most stable than in a solution state. The degradation of peptides observed is classifieds into physical and chemical forms as per below:
Physical Degradation:
It involves the weak sharing of an electron pair between a hydrogen atom and another atom. It involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interaction between molecules or within a molecule changes in non-covalent interaction. Following are the physical degradation mechanism observed:
- Denaturation
- Adsorption
- Aggregation
- Precipitation
- Hydrophobic association/bonding
Chemical Degradation:
It involves the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms that are the strongest. A number of impurities were observed due to raw materials, manufacturing processes, and storage. Following are the chemical degradation mechanism observed:
- Oxidation
- Hydrolysis
- Racemisation
- Deamidation (Gln/Asn/C-terminus)
- Diketopiperazine and pyroglutamic acid formation
- Disulfide formation/exchange
- β-Elimination
Peptides drugs degradation products are detected and characterized by the use of systematic or complex analytical methods.
Peptide-based drug products are important remedies expected to substitute several present chemical-based formulations. Peptide drugs will be produced on a large scale by biotechnology processes. The physical and chemical stability of peptide-based products is challenging.
References:
- FDA Guidance for Industry: ANDAs for certain Highly Purified Synthetic Peptide Drug Products That Refer to Listed Drugs of rDNA Origin 1.
- ICH, Q6A, Specifications: New Chemical Drug Substances and Products,
- ICH, Q6B, Specifications Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Biotechnological/Biological Products,
- ICH, Q5C, Stability Testing of Biotechnological/Biological Products,
- ICH, Q1A(R2), Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products,
- EMEA, Guideline on Stability Testing: Stability Testing of Existing Active Substances and Related Finished Products,
- L. Wu , F. Chen , S. L. Lee , A. Raw and L. X. Yu , Building Parity between Brand and Generic Peptides: Regulatory and Scientific Considerations for Quality of Synthetic Peptides, Int. J. Pharm.,
- M. P. C. Ratnaparkhi and S. P. Pandya, Peptides and Proteins in Pharmaceuticals, Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res.,
