Chloroquine is an antiparasitic medication that treats malaria. It works by increasing the levels of heme in the blood, a substance toxic to the malarial parasite. This kills the parasite and stops the infection from spreading. Certain types of malaria, r + some more technical info Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline that accumulates in the acidic food vacuole of Plasmodium species, where it interferes with heme detoxification by binding ferriprotoporphyrin IX and inhibiting polymerization to hemozoin, generating cytotoxic oxidative stress for the parasite and impairing its digestive vacuole function. The drug shows high tissue binding with prolonged terminal elimination, has established oral dosing regimens as the phosphate or sulfate salt forms, and resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is linked to mutations in transport proteins such as pfcrt and pfmdr1 that reduce drug accumulation in the parasite vacuole.
Parent: Chloroquine Phosphate
Parent: Chloroquine
Parent: Chloroquine
Parent: Chloroquine/ Chloroquine Sulfate
Parent: Chloroquine Sulfate / Chloroquine
Typical analytical specifications for chloroquine active pharmaceutical ingredient include defined related compounds and limits to ensure safety and identity; common identified related substances are desethylchloroquine, bisdesethylchloroquine, chloroquine N-oxide and positional isomers. Typical limits used in compendial or regulatory specifications are: desethylchloroquine not more than 0.5% (individual), bisdesethylchloroquine not more than 0.2% (individual), chloroquine N-oxide not more than 0.3% (individual), unspecified individual impurities not more than 0.1% and total impurities not to exceed 1.0. Residual solvents and heavy metals are controlled to ICH and pharmacopeial limits and stability monitoring includes assessment of these related compounds over shelf life.
Chloroquine is primarily used for treatment and prevention of malaria caused by susceptible Plasmodium species and has historical use for certain autoimmune conditions; current clinical use for malaria is limited to areas where parasites remain chloroquine sensitive.
Chloroquine accumulates in the parasite food vacuole and binds ferriprotoporphyrin IX, inhibiting heme polymerization to hemozoin; the resulting increase in free heme and oxidative damage kills the parasite and disrupts vacuolar function.
Common brand names include Aralen and Avloclor among others; availability and trade names vary by country and salt form, for example chloroquine phosphate marketed under different local brands.
Widespread resistance in Plasmodium falciparum mediated by parasite transport protein mutations has rendered chloroquine ineffective in many regions, so many treatment guidelines have replaced it with artemisinin-based combination therapies in areas with documented resistance.
